13-1
selective breeding- allowing animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation.
hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
Inbreeding- the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
Key Points:
Purpose of selective breeding.
humans use selective breeding which takes advantage of naturally occurring gentic variations in desired plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation.
Why breeders try to induce mutations.
breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability.
13-2
Genetic engineering- making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
Restriction enzyme- enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Gel electrophoresis- a procedure used to separate and analyze the DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel.
Recombinant DNA- enzymes that make is possible to take a gene from one organism and attach it to the DNA of another organism.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene.
Key Points:
How scientist make changes to DNA
Scientist use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules.
Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.
13-3
Plasmids- small circular piece of DNA.
Genetic marker- a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't.
Key Points:
What happens during cell transformation.
A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.
This external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
How can you tell if a transformation experiment has been successful.
The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
13-4
Transgenic- term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms.
clone- member of a population of genetically identical cells are produced from a single cell.
Key Points:
How are transgenic organisms useful to human beings
genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology, which is a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world.
13-1
selective breeding- allowing animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation.
hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
Inbreeding- the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
Key Points:
13-2
Genetic engineering- making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
Restriction enzyme- enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Gel electrophoresis- a procedure used to separate and analyze the DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel.
Recombinant DNA- enzymes that make is possible to take a gene from one organism and attach it to the DNA of another organism.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene.
Key Points:
13-3
Plasmids- small circular piece of DNA.
Genetic marker- a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't.
Key Points:
13-4
Transgenic- term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms.
clone- member of a population of genetically identical cells are produced from a single cell.
Key Points: